Vitamin A, or retinol, is a major retinoid-responsive tissue in your skin. Cells in your skin contain proteins and receptors that mediate the biological effects of retinol, which metabolises in your skin. Retinol is a profoundly penetrative form of stabilised Vitamin A, transforming into Retinoic Acid in your epidermis (your outer layer of skin). In vivo, clinical studies of stabilised retinol have shown a 14% reduction in visible wrinkles after just 28 days of application.

It is also an important multi-tasker; it supports collagen formation and promotes skin regeneration, making it ideal for treating prematurely aged skin, and it is also extremely balancing, helping to improve the look of sagging skin and stretched pores. If you are concerned with stretched pores, this is one ingredient you can’t ignore; it works hard to normalise pore function and protect your pores from further stretching, giving you a dramatically smoother, younger-looking complexion. You can find this in our two pro-ageing formulas, Immortelle and A+ retinol skin shot.